Figure 1From: Performance of penalized maximum likelihood in estimation of genetic covariances matricesPercentage reduction in average loss (PRIAL) in estimates of the genetic covariance matrix for individual cases and different penalties. Data for q = 9 traits, determining tuning factors on the basis of population values (V∞) and by limiting the change in likelihood (L5%); ▼ P Σ , ■ P ρ 2 , ▲ P β b and ● P λ ℓ 2 , see text of acronymsBack to article page