Fig. 3

Relationship between prediction accuracies (left panel) and connectedness measures (right panel) under an additive, dominance, and epistasis scenario. The magnitude of the relationship level was steadily increased from scenario 1 (S1) to scenario 6 (S6). \({\mathbf {G}}\): additive genomic kernel relationship matrix. \({\mathbf {D}}\): dominance genomic kernel relationship matrix. \({\mathbf {G}} \times {\mathbf {D}}\): additive \(\times\) dominance genomic kernel relationship matrix. \(h^2_{ADE}\): broad-sense heritability including additive, dominance, and epistatic variation