Fig. 5

Relationship between prediction accuracies (left panel) and connectedness measures (right panel) under a purely epistasis scenario. The magnitude of the relationship level was steadily increased from scenario 1 (S1) to scenario 6 (S6). \({\mathbf {GK}}\): Gaussian kernel relationship matrix with the smoothness parameters \(\theta\) = 1.6, 0.9, 0.5, and 0.22. \({\mathbf {G}}\): additive genomic kernel relationship matrix. \(h^2_{PE}\): broad-sense heritability including epistatic variation