Fig. 1
From: Inbreeding depression due to recent and ancient inbreeding in Dutch Holstein–Friesian dairy cattle
Example pedigrees illustrating differences between pedigree-based inbreeding measures for individual X. \(F_{PED}\): classical pedigree inbreeding based on all available information; \(F_{PED4}\): inbreeding based on first 4 generations; \(F_{PED5 - 4}\): difference between inbreeding based on 5 and on 4 generations; \(F_{NEW}\): Kalinowski’s new inbreeding, i.e. probability that alleles in X are IBD for the first time; \(F_{ANC}\): Kalinowski’s ancestral inbreeding, i.e. probability that X is IBD for allele that has already been IBD in an ancestor; \(AHC\): ancestral history coefficient, i.e. the number of times that a random allele from X has been IBD during pedigree segregation