Fig. 1
From: The importance of controlled mating in honeybee breeding
Genetic response with and without controlled mating. Genetic response to selection over the course of 20 years with a moderate (\(r_{md}=-\,0.53\)) and strong (\(r_{md}=-\,0.88\)) negative correlation between maternal and direct effects. Results are shown for a breeding population of 1000 colonies per year and various passive population sizes with (solid blue line) and without (dotted red lines) controlled mating. The passive population did not receive any dams from the breeding population (\(q=0\))