Fig. 3
From: The importance of controlled mating in honeybee breeding
Genetic response in the passive population. Genetic response to selection in the breeding and passive populations over the course of 20 years with a moderate (\(r_{md}=-\,0.53\)) negative correlation between maternal and direct effects. Results are shown for a breeding population with (left hand side) or without (right hand side) controlled mating, different population sizes and different relative proportions of passive queens with breeding queen dams (q)