Fig. 4From: The importance of controlled mating in honeybee breedingGenetic change over 100 years. Genetic response to selection (left hand side) and evolution of genetic standard deviation (right hand side) over the course of 100 years with a moderate (\(r_{md}=-\,0.53\)) negative correlation between maternal and direct effects. Results are shown for a breeding population of 500 colonies and a passive population of 1000 colonies per year with (blue lines) and without (dotted red line) controlled mating. Controlled mating was performed with two different selection intensities: 20 mating stations and the best 20% of BQ selected as dams (solid blue line) of 50 mating stations and the best 50% of BQ selected as dams. We assumed \(q=0.5\)Back to article page