Fig. 1

Response to selection (mean and standard error over 100 replicates) for three breeding schemes. SGM_DGE used a social genetic model (SGM) with selection criteria based on direct genetic values (DGE); SGM_TBV used a SGM with selection criteria based on total breeding values (TBV); and CGM_DGE used the classical genetic model (CGM) with selection criteria based on DGE. Breeding schemes used either pedigree- (\({\mathbf{A}}\)) or genomic-based (\({\mathbf{G}}\)) relationships to predict genetic effects. The three breeding schemes were compared for traits with SGE variance (\(\sigma_{{u_{S} }}^{2}\)) equal to 0.01 and 0.001 and a correlation (\(r_{{u_{DS} }}\)) between SGE and DGE of -0.5, 0, and 0.5. Group members were allocated at random