Fig. 5

Relationship between \({\text{R}}_{0}\) and a production losses (Eq. (14)), and b the economic value of \({\text{R}}_{0}\) (Eq. (15)) for endemic microparasitic diseases. The dashed black line in a indicates the asymptote, i.e. maximum losses. Actual units are omitted from the y-axes because they depend on the number of animals in the population and losses per infected animal. Note that the minus sign in the economic value is ignored for presentation purposes