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Fig. 1 | Genetics Selection Evolution

Fig. 1

From: A theoretical derivation of response to selection with and without controlled mating in honeybees

Fig. 1

Illustration of the genetic contributions of the breeding and passive colonies with uncontrolled mating. This figure motivates the recursion formulas Eq. 1 and 3. Worker groups in year t receive their breeding values in equal parts from their queens and the drones that are mating partners of the queens. Passive queens in year t receive their breeding values either from unselected breeding colonies of year \(t-2\) (probability \(q_t\)) or from passive colonies of year \(t-2\) (probability \(1-q_t\)). In the former case, the average inherited breeding value is \(B_{t-2}\); in the latter case, it is \(P_{t-2}\). Breeding queens inherit their breeding values from selected breeding colonies of year \(t-2\), with average breeding values equal to \(B_{t-2}+S_{1,t-2}\). Drones which mate with breeding or passive queens in year t may be offspring (and thus carry the breeding values) of either unselected breeding queens (probability \(p_t\)) or passive queens (probability \(1-p_t\)) of year \(t-2\). For the breeding values of unselected breeding and passive queens of year \(t-2\), the same considerations apply as for those of year t

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