Fig. 6
Estimates of \({M}_{e}\) in an accumulating reference population for each target generation. Estimates were derived using different methods for different heritabilities (\({h}^{2}\)) and with random selection or selection on genomic estimated breeding values of 10 males and 120 females from the target generation for breeding. \({M}_{e}\) were derived based on the Fisher information or selection index (Index) approaches or based on the reciprocal of the variance of genomic minus pedigree-based relationships, with genomic relationships computed using method 1 (G1) or 2 (G2) of VanRaden [48]. Horizontal broken lines represent theoretical predictions of Me based on the effective population size (\({N}_{e}\) = 37 or 120) and the number (\(k\) = 9) and size (\(L\) = 1.5) of chromosomes based on Goddard [5] (\({M}_{e}=2{N}_{e}Lk\)) and Goddard et al. [8] (\({M}_{e}=2{N}_{e}Lk/\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}({N}_{e}L)\))