Table 4 Genetic gain, \({R}_{GS}\), in the initial selection cycle of different breeding schemes with colony-based (CBS) and genomic preselection (GPS)

Number of genotyped queens per year (\({{\varvec{n}}}_{{\varvec{g}}{\varvec{p}}{\varvec{y}}}\))

Proportion of DPQ selected by GPS compared to all DPQ deployed on mating stations (\({{\varvec{p}}}_{{\varvec{D}}{\varvec{P}}{\varvec{Q}}}\))

Selection intensity of GPS on DPQ (\({{\varvec{i}}}_{{\varvec{D}}{\varvec{P}}{\varvec{Q}}}^{{\varvec{G}}{\varvec{P}}{\varvec{S}}}\))

Proportion of BQ selected by GPS compared to all phenotyped BQ (\({{\varvec{p}}}_{{\varvec{B}}{\varvec{Q}}}\))

Selection intensity of GPS on BQ (\({{\varvec{i}}}_{{\varvec{B}}{\varvec{Q}}}^{{\varvec{G}}{\varvec{P}}{\varvec{S}}}\))

Number of BQ in the reference population (5 years in total)

Proportion of BQ in the reference population (\({{\varvec{p}}}_{{\varvec{r}}{\varvec{e}}{\varvec{f}}}\))

Breeding value estimation method

Genetic gain \({{\varvec{R}}}_{{\varvec{G}}{\varvec{S}}}\)

MOD

HGC