Fig. 2

Demographic diagram of the breeding population over three successive years. The breeding scheme shown here considers a small breeding population with six breeding queens producing daughter queens each year. Drones come from drone-producing queens (DPQ) that are the best phenotyped potential DPQ who survive the two winter periods (the 1st and 2nd winters in years t and t + 1 result in the random loss of 25 and 33% of all DPQ entering winter, respectively). Blue, green and red boxes refer to sires, potential breeding queens and breeding queens, respectively. Purple and solid grey arrows indicate genetic inheritance and mating, respectively. Dotted grey arrows refer to survival or selection events from one year to another