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Fig. 3 | Genetics Selection Evolution

Fig. 3

From: A simulation study of a honeybee breeding scheme accounting for polyandry, direct and maternal effects on colony performance

Fig. 3

Evolution of the average inbreeding of queens under mass or within-maternal line selection with a monoandrous or polyandrous mating system. Inbreeding increases almost linearly from year 7 (after 4 years of closed-population breeding) onwards, with an annual increase of 1.1% in the within-maternal line selection scenario with polyandrous mating to 1.9% in the mass selection scenario with monoandrous mating, reaching 10% in years 14 and 8, respectively. The evolution of inbreeding levels under within-maternal line selection with monoandry and under mass selection with polyandry is very similar. In these two scenarios, inbreeding increases annually by 1.5% after year 7, reaching 10% in year 11. Bars represent 2 times the sampling standard deviation over the 160 simulation replicates

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