Fig. 4From: A simulation study of a honeybee breeding scheme accounting for polyandry, direct and maternal effects on colony performanceDirect and maternal average standardized breeding values of queens after 20Â years of selection for all simulated scenarios. For each parameter setup, polyandry level and selection strategy, brown and red bars represent the direct and maternal average breeding values of queens after 20Â years of selection, respectively. Deviation bars represent two times the sampling standard deviation over the 160 simulation replicates. For the setup parameters, see Table 1Back to article page