Fig. 4

Trends in calving associated-traits of the F₃ cows per pregnancy month of their F₀ and F₁ ancestors. Left and right y-axes represent the mean least squares (MLS) of potential transmitting abilities (PTA) for dystocia and stillbirth, respectively, as a function of the birth month of the cows’ dams and maternal grand-dams. “DC-g” and “CM-g” are the MLS of the cows’ dystocia and calf mortality, respectively, as functions of the maternal grand-dams’ birth month; and “DC-m” and “MC-m” are MLS of the cows’ dystocia and calf mortality, respectively, as functions of dams’ birth month. The error bars are the MLS standard errors. Gray and blue dashed lines denote positive (December to March) and negative (June to September) trend thresholds, respectively. Gray and blue arrows denote the boundaries of the threshold interval