Fig. 1

Schematic overview of the validation. Scenarios: PBLUP_NAT pedigree BLUP national, ssSNPBLUP_NAT single-step SNP-BLUP national, PBLUP_INT pedigree BLUP international, ssSNPBLUP_INT single-step SNP-BLUP international. For each scenario, a partial and a whole evaluation was carried out (timelines). National scenarios used only national data (grey timelines), while international scenarios used data from all countries (yellow timelines). In the partial evaluation, partial estimated breeding values (EBV) were obtained by masking the phenotypes of animals born from 2014 onwards (striped timeline). In the whole evaluation, whole EBV were obtained using all phenotypes. Within-scenario estimators of level bias (\({\widehat{\Delta }}_{p}\)), dispersion bias (\({\widehat{b}}_{p}\)), and accuracy of partial EBV (\({\widehat{acc}}_{p}\)) were obtained from the partial and whole EBV of each scenario (blue solid lines and boxes). Between scenarios increases in population accuracies (\(inc\_acc\)) of moving towards ssSNPBLUP_INT scenario were computed using the whole EBV of each scenario (green dotted lines and boxes)