Table 1 Assumed parameters used in simulation by scenario

^aMagnitude of indirect effect, $\left(\mathit{n}-1\right){\mathit{\sigma }}_{{\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{S}}}^2$

0

0.25

1.0

4.0

Correlations between direct and indirect effects, ${\mathit{r}}_{{\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{DS}}}={\mathit{r}}_{{\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{DS}}}$

0

0, −0.8, −0.4, 0.4, 0.8

0, −0.8, −0.4, 0.4, 0.8

0, −0.8, −0.4, 0.4, 0.8

Direct phenotypic variance, ${\mathit{\sigma }}_{{\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{D}}}^2$

1

1

1

1

^bHeritabilities, ${\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{D}}^2={\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{S}}^2$

0.1, 0.3, 0.5

0.1, 0.3, 0.5

0.1, 0.3, 0.5

0.1, 0.3, 0.5