Figure 3

Short and long-term response frontiers realised by optimum-contribution selection (OCS) without restrictions. The short and long-term response frontiers are short and long-term rates of genetic gain realised at nine penalties on average relationship plotted as a function of short and long-term rates of inbreeding, where short and long-term refer to generations 6 to 8 and generations 23 to 25 (approx.). The penalties are 5 (○), 10 (□), 20 (∆), 50 (Χ), 100 (♦), 200 (▼), 500 (▲), 1000 (■), and 5000 (●). The rates were scaled by setting to 100 the long-term rates of genetic gain and inbreeding realised at penalty 50. Rate of genetic gain at 100 is equivalent to 0.215 genetic-standard deviations per time and approximately 0.9 genetic-standard deviations per generation. Rate of inbreeding at 100 is equivalent to 0.0020 per time and approximately 0.008 per generation on the observed scale.