Fig. 5

Scatter plots of the regression coefficient of observed phenotype for BW on DGV of BM; \(b_{{y\left( {BW} \right),DGV\left( {BM} \right)}}\) (first row), and the regression of observed phenotype for BM on DGV of BW; \(b_{{y\left( {BM} \right),DGV\left( {BW} \right)}}\) (second row) in the testing set for 20 cross-validated (CV) regression coefficients. The red dots are expected genetic regressions from REML analyses conducted at each λ. The x-axis label denotes λ = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1. DGV: direct genomic values; GFU: unscaled Forni’s G; GFS: scaled Forni’s G; GVU: unscaled VanRaden’s G; GVS: scaled VanRaden’s G. Dark blue points show the median of regressions for 20 random samples