Fig. 3

Relationship between \({\text{R}}_{0}\) and a expenditures on vaccination (Eq. (5)), and b the economic value of \({\text{R}}_{0}\) (Eq. (6)) for microparasitic diseases at different levels of vaccine effectiveness (\(e\)). The dashed black line in a indicates where expenditures are maximum. Solid blue line: \(e = 0.5\), dashed red line: \(e = 0.75\), dotted green line: \(e = 1\). Actual units are omitted from the y-axes because they depend on the number of animals in the population and expenditures per vaccinated animal. Note that the minus sign in the economic value is ignored for presentation purposes